Mortalidad infantil por malformaciones congénitas en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (1998-2015): Análisis espacial, temporal y relación con la condición socioeconómica / Infant mortality due to congenital malformations in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (1998-2015): Spatial, temporal analysis and relation to the socioeconomic status

Introducción. En Argentina, las malformaciones congénitas (MC) representan la segunda causa de muerte en menores de 1 año. Objetivo. Analizar la variación temporal y espacial de la mortalidad infantil por MC en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y su relación con un indicador de desarrollo socioeconómico. Materiales y método. Los datos de nacimientos y muertes de menores de 1 año de edad codificados con la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10) provinieron del Ministerio de Salud. Para las zonas geográficas (Norte, Centro y Sur), sistemas (nervioso, cardiovascular y anomalías cromosómicas) y 28 malformaciones específicas, se estimaron la tasa de mortalidad infantil por MC (TMI-MC) y el porcentaje de muertes por MC (PM-MC) en 3 períodos (1998-2003, 2004-2009, 2010-2015). La tendencia secular y el riesgo de muerte se estimaron con un modelo de regresión de Poisson. Mediante el análisis de componentes principales, se definió un indicador de desarrollo socioeconómico que se correlacionó con la TMI-MC y el PM-MC. Resultados. La TMI-MC y el PM-MC presentaron, respectivamente, una tendencia secular negativa y positiva con significación estadística y exhibieron una diferenciación por zonas. La TMI-MC descendió para las malformaciones del sistema nervioso central y cardiovascular, y aumentó en las anomalías cromosómicas (p < 0,05). La TMI-MC y el PM-MC se correlacionaron de modo positivo y negativo, respectivamente, con el indicador socioeconómico (p < 0,05). Conclusión. Los indicadores de mortalidad infantil por MC de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires exhiben una heterogeneidad espacial y temporal, y se relacionan con las características socioeconómicas zonales.

Introduction. In Argentina, congenital malformations (CM) account for the second cause of death among infants younger than 1 year. Objective. To analyze spatial and temporal variation in infant mortality due to CM in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and its relation to a socioeconomic development indicator. Materials and methods. Births and deaths among infants younger than 1 year were coded using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10); data were provided by the Ministry of Health. Geographical areas: northern, central and southern. The nervous system, the cardiovascular system, chromosomal abnormalities, and 28 specific malformations were evaluated. Infant mortality rate due to CM (IMR-CM) and the percentage of deaths from CM (PD-CM) were estimated in 3 periods (1998-2003, 2004-2009, 2010-2015). Secular trend and risk of death were estimated using the Poisson regression model. A socioeconomic development indicator correlated to the IMR-CM and the PD-CM was obtained by means of a principal component analysis. Results. The IMR-CM and the PD-CM had, respectively, a negative and positive secular trend with statistical significance, and exhibited a differentiation by areas. The IMR-CM values decreased for central nervous system and cardiovascular system malformations, and increased for chromosomal abnormalities (p < 0.05). The IMR-CM and the PD-CM were positively and negatively correlated, respectively, with the socioeconomic indicator (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Infant mortality indicators due to CM in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, and are related to the socioeconomic characteristics of the areas.

Infant mortality due to congenital malformations in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (1998-2015): Spatial, temporal analysis and relation to the socioeconomic status. / Mortalidad infantil por malformaciones congénitas en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (1998-2015): Análisis espacial, temporal y relación con la condición socioeconómica.

Introduction: In Argentina, congenital malformations (CM) account for the second cause of death among infants younger than 1 year. Objective: To analyze spatial and temporal variation in infant mortality due to CM in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and its relation to a socioeconomic development indicator. Materials and methods: Births and deaths among infants younger than 1 year were coded using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10); data were provided by the Ministry of Health. Geographical areas: northern, central and southern. The nervous system, the cardiovascular system, chromosomal abnormalities, and 28 specific malformations were evaluated. Infant mortality rate due to CM (IMR-CM) and the percentage of deaths from CM (PD-CM) were estimated in 3 periods (1998-2003, 2004-2009, 2010-2015). Secular trend and risk of death were estimated using the Poisson regression model. A socioeconomic development indicator correlated to the IMR-CM and the PD-CM was obtained by means of a principal component analysis. Results: The IMR-CM and the PD-CM had, respectively, a negative and positive secular trend with statistical significance, and exhibited a differentiation by areas. The IMR-CM values decreased for central nervous system and cardiovascular system malformations, and increased for chromosomal abnormalities (p < 0.05). The IMR-CM and the PD-CM were positively and negatively correlated, respectively, with the socioeconomic indicator (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Infant mortality indicators due to CM in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, and are related to the socioeconomic characteristics of the areas.

Introducción. En Argentina, las malformaciones congénitas (MC) representan la segunda causa de muerte en menores de 1 año. Objetivo. Analizar la variación temporal y espacial de la mortalidad infantil por MC en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y su relación con un indicador de desarrollo socioeconómico. Materiales y método. Los datos de nacimientos y muertes de menores de 1 año de edad codificados con la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10) provinieron del Ministerio de Salud. Para las zonas geográficas (Norte, Centro y Sur), sistemas (nervioso, cardiovascular y anomalías cromosómicas) y 28 malformaciones específicas, se estimaron la tasa de mortalidad infantil por MC (TMI-MC) y el porcentaje de muertes por MC (PM-MC) en 3 períodos (1998-2003, 2004-2009, 2010-2015). La tendencia secular y el riesgo de muerte se estimaron con un modelo de regresión de Poisson. Mediante el análisis de componentes principales, se definió un indicador de desarrollo socioeconómico que se correlacionó con la TMI-MC y el PM-MC. Resultados. La TMI-MC y el PM-MC presentaron, respectivamente, una tendencia secular negativa y positiva con significación estadística y exhibieron una diferenciación por zonas. La TMI-MC descendió para las malformaciones del sistema nervioso central y cardiovascular, y aumentó en las anomalías cromosómicas (p< 0,05). La TMI-MC y el PM-MC se correlacionaron de modo positivo y negativo, respectivamente, con el indicador socioeconómico (p < 0,05). Conclusión. Los indicadores de mortalidad infantil por MC de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires exhiben una heterogeneidad espacial y temporal, y se relacionan con las características socioeconómicas zonales.

[Infant mortality due to congenital malformations and socioeconomic status: the case of Argentina]. / Mortalidad infantil por malformaciones congénitas y condición socioeconómica: el caso de la Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: Compare the infant mortality rate due to congenital malformations ( IMRCM) and the percentage of deaths due to congenital malformations (%DCM) with sociodemographic and economic characteristics in Argentina. METHODS: The Argentine study population resided in 511 departments of 23 provinces, grouped into five geographic regions (Northwest, Northeast, Central, Cuyo, and Patagonia). The analyzed variables were the IMRCM and the %DCM calculated on the basis of births and deaths during 2002-2006 period. In addition, 21 variables were used from the 2001 Population and Housing Census (National Census and Statistics Institute of Argentina) to construct the Sociodemographic and Economic Indicator (SDEI) through the analysis of principal components. Comparison tests were carried out in order to assess the significant differences among the various regions and the correlations between indicators, and of these with the departmental latitudes and longitudes. RESULTS: There was no significant correlation between the IMRCM and the SDEI, nor with geographic coordinates. However, there was a significant positive correlation between the IMRCM and the SDEI (P < 0.05) at all levels of political organization. The SDEI explained 41% of the %DCM. CONCLUSIONS: The IMRCM was not significantly associated with the country's marked socioeconomic heterogeneity; the highest %DCM values, on the other hand, were observed in the populations of the central and southern areas of the country. Given the relationship between the %DCM and socioeconomic development of the population, use of this indicator as a proxy of well-being and quality of life is suggested.

Mortalidad infantil por malformaciones congénitas y condición socioeconómica: el caso de la Argentina / Infant mortality due to congenital malformations and socioeconomic status: the case of Argentina

OBJETIVO: Relacionar la tasa de mortalidad infantil por malformaciones congénitas (TMIMC) y el porcentaje de muertes por malformaciones congénitas (%MMC) con las características sociodemográficas y económicas en la Argentina. MÉTODOS: La población estudiada de la Argentina reside en 511 departamentos de 23 provincias, agrupadas en cinco regiones geográficas (Noroeste, Noreste, Centro, Cuyo y Patagonía). Las variables analizadas fueron la TMLMC y el %MMC calculados a partir de los nacimientos y las defunciones del quinquenio 2002-2006. Además, se utilizaron 21 variables del Censo de Población y Vivienda del 2001 (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de Argentina) para construir el Indicador Sociodemográfico y Económico (ISDE) mediante el análisis de componentes principales. Se realizaron pruebas de comparación para valorar si aparecían diferencias significativas entre las distintas regiones y las correlaciones entre indicadores, y de estos con la latitud y longitud departamental. RESULTADOS: La TMIMC no presentó correlación significativa con el ISDE ni con las coor denadas geográficas. El %MMC y el ISDE presentaron una correlación positiva significativa (P < 0,05) en todos los niveles de organización política. El ISDE explicó 41% de la variación del %MMC. CONCLUSIONES: La TMIMC no se asoció significativamente con la marcada heterogeneidad socioeconómica del país; los valores más elevados del %MMC, en cambio, se observaron en las poblaciones del centro y sur del país. Dada la relación entre el %MMC y el desarrollo socioeconómico poblacional se sugiere utilizar este indicador como una aproximación (proxy) de bienestar y calidad de vida.

OBJECTIVE: Compare the infant mortality rate due to congenital malformations ( IMRCM) and the percentage of deaths due to congenital malformations (%DCM) with sociodemographic and economic characteristics in Argentina. METHODS: The Argentine study population resided in 511 departments of 23 provinces, grouped into five geographic regions (Northwest, Northeast, Central, Cuyo, and Patagonia). The analyzed variables were the IMRCM and the %DCM calculated on the basis of births and deaths during 2002-2006 period. In addition, 21 variables were used from the 2001 Population and Housing Census (National Census and Statistics Institute of Argentina) to construct the Sociodemographic and Economic Indicator (SDEI) through the analysis of principal components. Comparison tests were carried out in order to assess the significant differences among the various regions and the correlations between indicators, and of these with the departmental latitudes and longitudes. RESULTS: There was no significant correlation between the IMRCM and the SDEI, nor with geographic coordinates. However, there was a significant positive correlation between the IMRCM and the SDEI (P < 0.05) at all levels of political organization. The SDEI explained 41% of the %DCM. CONCLUSIONS: The IMRCM was not significantly associated with the country's marked socioeconomic heterogeneity; the highest %DCM values, on the other hand, were observed in the populations of the central and southern areas of the country. Given the relationship between the %DCM and socioeconomic development of the population, use of this indicator as a proxy of well-being and quality of life is suggested.

[Prevalence of malnutrition in institutionalized intellectually disabled patients]. / Prevalencia de malnutricion en pacientes con discapacidad intelectual institucionalizados.

As patients with intellectual and developmental disability (ID) may be more exposed to unfavorable factors, they are at higher risk of suffering nutritional alterations. Our objective was to determine prevalence of malnutrition in institutionalized patients with ID. An evaluation of the nutritional status through determination of transversal anthropometric parameters of weight (kg) and height (cm) was made on 614 individuals (352 men and 262 women) institutionalized at Colonia Nacional Montes de Oca, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Body mass index and prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity cases by sex and ID type: mild, moderate and severe intellectual disability were determined. Regardless of sex, prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity were of 2.9%, 30% and 27.7%, respectively. Regardless of degree of ID, greater prevalence of obesity (41.2%) was found amongst women, while overweight (34.7%) was more frequent amongst men. Taking the degree of ID and regardless of sex, greater prevalence of underweight was observed in severe ID, and overweight and obesity amongst mild ID. No any of the patients with mild ID presented underweight. Taking into account sex and ID, higher prevalence of underweight and overweight were observed amongst men with mild ID, (7% and 38.4%, respectively) and of obesity in women with moderate ID (44%). Results obtained would indicate the importance of caloric intake and energy consumption control in adults with ID, paying particular attention to life conditions and alimentary disorders in terms of the degree of ID and their multiple associated disabilities.

Prevalencia de malnutrición en pacientes con discapacidad intelectual institucionalizados / Prevalence of malnutrition in institutionalized intellectually disabled patients

Los pacientes con discapacidad intelectual (DI) pueden presentar un riesgo elevado de padecer alteraciones nutricionales. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de malnutrición en pacientes institucionalizados con DI, en la Colonia Nacional Montes de Oca, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Se realizó valoración antropométrica transversal mediante peso (kg) y talla (cm) en 614 individuos (352 varones y 262 mujeres). Se determinó IMC y la prevalencia de bajo peso, sobrepeso y obesidad por sexo y tipo de DI: leve, moderada y grave. Independientemente del sexo, las prevalencias de bajo peso, sobrepeso y obesidad fueron del 2.9%, 30% y 27.7% respectivamente. Sin considerar el grupo de DI, en mujeres se observó mayor prevalencia de obesidad (41.2%) y en varones de sobrepeso (34.7%). Teniendo en cuenta el grado de DI e independientemente del sexo se observó mayor prevalencia de bajo peso en DI grave y de sobrepeso y obesidad en DI leve. Ninguno de los pacientes con DI leve presentó bajo peso. Teniendo en cuenta el sexo y el grupo de DI las mayores prevalencias de bajo peso y sobrepeso se hallaron en varones con DI leve, (7% y 38.4% respectivamente) y de obesidad en mujeres con DI moderada (44%). Los resultados obtenidos indicarían la importancia del control del ingreso calórico y gasto energético de adultos con DI, prestando especial atención a las condiciones de vida y a los desordenes alimentarios en relación al grado de DI y a sus múltiples discapacidades asociadas.

As patients with intellectual and developmental disability (ID) may be more exposed to unfavorable factors, they are at higher risk of suffering nutritional alterations. Our objective was to determine prevalence of malnutrition in institutionalized patients with ID. An evaluation of the nutritional status through determination of transversal anthropometric parameters of weight (kg) and height (cm) was made on 614 individuals (352 men and 262 women) institutionalized at Colonia Nacional Montes de Oca, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Body mass index and prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity cases by sex and ID type: mild, moderate and severe intellectual disability were determined. Regardless of sex, prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity were of 2.9%, 30% and 27.7%, respectively. Regardless of degree of ID, greater prevalence of obesity (41.2%) was found amongst women, while overweight (34.7%) was more frequent amongst men. Taking the degree of ID and regardless of sex, greater prevalence of underweight was observed in severe ID, and overweight and obesity amongst mild ID. No any of the patients with mild ID presented underweight. Taking into account sex and ID, higher prevalence of underweight and overweight were observed amongst men with mild ID, (7% and 38.4%, respectively) and of obesity in women with moderate ID (44%). Results obtained would indicate the importance of caloric intake and energy consumption control in adults with ID, paying particular attention to life conditions and alimentary disorders in terms of the degree of ID and their multiple associated disabilities.

Isonymy structure of Buenos Aires city.

The isonymy structure of Buenos Aires was studied based on its surname frequency. Information on 2,552,359 voters of the 28 Buenos Aires districts was used to estimate Lasker's coefficient of relationship by isonymy (R(i)), surname diversity according to Fisher's alpha, the coefficient of consanguinity resulting from random isonymy (F), and Nei's, Lasker's and the Euclidean isonymy distances. These distances were correlated with geographic distances, which were calculated by assigning an arbitrary point to each district and measuring distances on a map of the city. The R(i) x 10(5) and F x 10(4) averages of the districts located south of Rivadavia Avenue were higher (R(i) = 66.08; F = 3.4) than those situated north of that avenue (R(i) = 46.60; F = 2.4) (p < 0.001). Fisher's alpha showed the opposite behavior (north, alpha = 1,055.5; south, alpha = 757.2). There was a significant correlation (p < 0.001) between geographic distance and Nei's and the Euclidean distances (0.496 and 0.503, respectively), but the correlation was not significant for Lasker's distance (0.051). These results indicate isolation by distance in the city of Buenos Aires and reveal subdivision of the metropolitan population, with greater consanguinity and a lesser variety of surnames in the districts located in the southern section of the city. This structure agrees with the fragmentation and social, cultural, and economic differences observed among the districts of this Latin American metropolis.